Since the 1970s the German Football Association (DFB) brought into force one of the most discussed instruments to prohibit violent conflicts in the context of football matches: the principle of strict liability. Pursuant to Section 9a of the DFB Disciplinary Regulations, clubs are strictly liable for the conduct of, inter alia, their members, supporters and spectators.[1] Furthermore, the hosting club as well as the visiting club are held to be liable for incidents of any kind that occur within the stadium’s premises before, during and after the match. In spite of the extensive wording of these provisions - are they able to cope with nowadays’ manifestations of hooliganism?
Remaining loopholes in the liability for hooliganism
The far-reaching sanctions against affiliated entities in breach of the DFB Disciplinary Regulations...
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